民办高等学校办学管理若干规定

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民办高等学校办学管理若干规定

教育部


中华人民共和国教育部令第25号


《民办高等学校办学管理若干规定》已于2007年1月16日经部长办公会议讨论通过,现予发布,自2007年2月10日起施行。

教育部部长 周济

二○○七年二月三日

民办高等学校办学管理若干规定

第一条 为规范实施专科以上高等学历教育的民办学校(以下简称民办高校)的办学行为,维护民办高校举办者和学校、教师、学生的合法权益,引导民办高校健康发展,根据民办教育促进法及其实施条例和国家有关规定,制定本规定。

  第二条 民办高校及其举办者应当遵守法律、法规、规章和国家有关规定,贯彻国家的教育方针,坚持社会主义办学方向和教育公益性原则,保证教育质量。

第三条 教育行政部门应当将民办高等教育纳入教育事业发展规划。按照积极鼓励、大力支持、正确引导、依法管理的方针,引导民办高等教育健康发展。

教育行政部门对民办高等教育事业做出突出贡献的集体和个人予以表彰奖励。

第四条 国务院教育行政部门负责全国民办教育统筹规划、综合协调和宏观管理工作。

省、自治区、直辖市人民政府教育行政部门(以下简称省级教育行政部门)主管本行政区域内的民办教育工作。对民办高校依法履行下列职责:

(一)办学许可证管理;

(二)民办高校招生简章和广告备案的审查;

(三)民办高校相关信息的发布;

(四)民办高校的年度检查;

(五)民办高校的表彰奖励;

(六)民办高校违法违规行为的查处;

(七)法律法规规定的其他职责。

第五条 民办高校的办学条件必须符合国家规定的设置标准和普通高等学校基本办学条件指标的要求。

民办高校设置本、专科专业,按照国家有关规定执行。

  第六条 民办高校的举办者应当按照民办教育促进法及其实施条例的规定,按时、足额履行出资义务。

民办高校的借款、向学生收取的学费、接受的捐赠财产和国家的资助,不属于举办者的出资。

民办高校对举办者投入学校的资产、国有资产、受赠的财产、办学积累依法享有法人财产权,并分别登记建账。任何组织和个人不得截留、挪用或侵占民办高校的资产。

第七条 民办高校的资产必须于批准设立之日起1年内过户到学校名下。

本规定下发前资产未过户到学校名下的,自本规定下发之日起1年内完成过户工作。

资产未过户到学校名下前,举办者对学校债务承担连带责任。

  第八条 民办高校符合举办者、学校名称、办学地址和办学层次变更条件的,按照民办教育促进法规定的程序,报审批机关批准。

民办高校应当按照办学许可证核定的学校名称、办学地点、办学类型、办学层次组织招生工作,开展教育教学活动。

民办高校不得在办学许可证核定的办学地点之外办学。不得设立分支机构。不得出租、出借办学许可证。

第九条 民办高校必须根据有关规定,建立健全党团组织。民办高校党组织应当发挥政治核心作用,民办高校团组织应当发挥团结教育学生的重要作用。

第十条 民办高校校长应当具备国家规定的任职条件,具有10年以上从事高等教育管理经历,年龄不超过70岁。校长报审批机关核准后,方可行使民办教育促进法及其实施条例规定的职权。

校长任期原则上为4年。报经审批机关同意后可以连任。

  第十一条 未列入国务院教育行政部门当年公布的具有学历教育招生资格学校名单的民办高校,不得招收学历教育学生。

第十二条 民办高校招生简章和广告必须载明学校名称、办学地点、办学性质、招生类型、学历层次、学习年限、收费项目和标准、退费办法、招生人数、证书类别和颁发办法等。

民办高校应当依法将招生简章和广告报审批机关或其委托的机关备案。发布的招生简章和广告必须与备案的内容相一致。未经备案的招生简章和广告不得发布。

第十三条 民办高校招收学历教育学生的,必须严格执行国家下达的招生计划,按照国家招生规定和程序招收学生。对纳入国家计划、经省级招生部门统一录取的学生发放录取通知书。

第十四条 民办高校应当按照普通高等学校学生管理规定的要求完善学籍管理制度。纳入国家计划、经省级招生部门统一录取的学生入学后,学校招生部门按照国家规定对其进行复查,复查合格后予以电子注册并取得相应的学籍。

第十五条 民办高校自行招收的学生为非学历教育学生,学校对其发放学习通知书。学习通知书必须明确学习形式、学习年限、取得学习证书办法等。

民办高校对学习时间1年以上的非学历教育学生实行登记制度。已登记的学生名单及有关情况,必须于登记后7日内报省级教育行政部门备案。备案后的学生名单在校内予以公布。

  第十六条 民办高校应当按照民办教育促进法及其实施条例的要求,配备教师,不断提高专职教师数量和比例。

民办高校应当依法聘任具有国家规定任教资格的教师,与教师签订聘任合同,明确双方的责任、权利、义务。保障教师的工资、福利待遇,按国家有关规定为教师办理社会保险和补充保险。

第十七条 民办高校应当加强教师的培养和培训,提高教师队伍整体素质。

第十八条 民办高校应当按照国家有关规定建立学生管理队伍。按不低于1:200的师生比配备辅导员,每个班级配备1名班主任。

  第十九条 民办高校应当建立健全教学管理机构,加强教学管理队伍建设。改进教学方式方法,不断提高教育质量。

不得以任何形式将承担的教育教学任务转交其他组织和个人。

第二十条 民办高校应当建立教师、学生校内申诉渠道,依法妥善处理教师、学生提出的申诉。

第二十一条 民办高校依法设置会计机构,配备会计人员。会计人员必须取得会计业务资格证书。建立健全内部控制制度,严格执行国家统一的会计制度。

第二十二条 民办高校必须严格执行政府有关部门批准的收费项目和标准。收取的费用主要用于教育教学活动和改善办学条件。

第二十三条 民办高校应当在每学年结束时制作财务会计报告,委托会计师事务所进行审计。必要时,省级教育行政部门可会同有关部门对民办高校进行财务审计。

第二十四条 民办高校的法定代表人为学校安全和稳定工作第一责任人。民办高校应当加强应急管理,建立健全安全稳定工作机制。推进学校安全保卫工作队伍建设,加强对学校教学、生活、活动设施的安全检查,落实各项安全防范措施,维护校园安全和教学秩序。

第二十五条 建立对民办高校的督导制度。

省级教育部门按照国家有关规定向民办高校委派的督导专员应当拥护宪法确定的基本原则,具有从事高等教育管理工作经历,熟悉高等学校情况,具有较强的贯彻国家法律、法规和政策的能力,年龄不超过70岁。督导专员的级别、工资、日常工作经费等由委派机构商有关部门确定。

督导专员任期原则上为4年。因工作需要的,委派机构可根据具体情况适当延长其任期。

第二十六条 督导专员行使下列职权:

(一)监督学校贯彻执行有关法律、法规、政策的情况;

(二)监督、引导学校的办学方向、办学行为和办学质量;

(三)参加学校发展规划、人事安排、财产财务管理、基本建设、招生、收退费等重大事项的研究讨论;

(四)向委派机构报告学校办学情况,提出意见建议;

(五)有关党政部门规定的其他职责。

第二十七条 省级教育行政部门应当建立健全民办高校办学过程监控机制,及时向社会发布民办高校的有关信息。

  第二十八条 省级教育行政部门按照国家规定对民办高校实行年度检查制度。年度检查工作于每年12月31日前完成。省级教育行政部门根据年度检查情况和国务院教育行政部门基本办学条件核查的结果,在办学许可证副本上加盖年度检查结论戳记。

年度检查时,民办高校应当向省级教育行政部门提交年度学校自查报告、财务审计报告和要求提供的其他材料。

  第二十九条 省级教育行政部门对民办高校年度检查的主要内容:

(一)遵守法律、法规和政策的情况;

(二)党团组织建设、和谐校园建设、安全稳定工作的情况;

(三)按照章程开展活动的情况;

(四)内部管理机构设置及人员配备情况;

(五)办学许可证核定项目的变动情况;

(六)财务状况,收入支出情况或现金流动情况;

(七)法人财产权的落实情况;

(八)其他需要检查的情况。

第三十条 民办高校出现以下行为的,由省级教育行政部门责令改正;并可给予1至3万元的罚款、减少招生计划或者暂停招生的处罚:

(一)学校资产不按期过户的;

(二)办学条件不达标的;

(三)发布未经备案的招生简章和广告的;

(四)年度检查不合格的。

第三十一条 民办高校违反民办教育促进法及其实施条例以及其他法律法规规定的,由省级教育行政部门或者会同相关部门依法予以处罚。

  第三十二条 省级教育行政部门应当配合相关主管部门对发布违法招生广告的广告主、广告经营者、广告发布者和非法办学机构、非法中介进行查处。

第三十三条 教育行政部门会同民政部门加强对民办高等教育领域行业协会的业务指导和监督管理。充分发挥行业协会在民办高等教育健康发展中提供服务、反映诉求、行业自律的作用。

第三十四条 教育行政部门配合新闻单位做好引导民办高等教育健康发展的舆论宣传工作,营造有利于民办高校健康发展的舆论环境。

第三十五条 教育行政部门及其工作人员滥用职权、玩忽职守,违反民办教育促进法及其实施条例规定的,依法予以处理。

第三十六条 本规定自2007年2月10日起施行。


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国务院办公厅转发国家经委、经贸部、国家商检局关于加强出口商品质量管理工作意见的通知(附英文)

国务院办公厅


国务院办公厅转发国家经委、经贸部、国家商检局关于加强出口商品质量管理工作意见的通知(附英文)
国务院办公厅



国务院同意国家经委、经贸部、国家商检局《关于加强出口商品质量管理工作的意见》,现转发给你们,请结合实际情况,认真贯彻执行。
加强出口商品质量管理,是提高经济效益、增加出口创汇的关键。近年来,我国部分出口商品质量下降,不但造成经济损失,影响出口创汇,而且有损于国家信誉。各地区、各有关部门对此要给予高度重视,采取有力措施,尽快扭转这种状况,把出口商品质量搞上去。

关于加强出口商品质量管理工作的意见
一、清理和整顿出口商品的生产厂点
各地区、各部门要对所有生产出口商品的企业进行一次全面清理和整顿,择优定点。凡不具备质量保证的企业,不准生产出口商品。
重点清理、整顿出口商品质量管理较差、生产加工厂点过多、质量问题较多的行业。
二、加强出口商品生产企业的质量管理和检验工作
(一)在生产企业中,对出口商品的质量,厂长(经理)要全面负责。
(二)出口专业厂、出口生产基地和重要出口商品生产企业,可设总质量师。总质量师协助厂长全面负责产品质量的检验和管理工作,有权代表厂长停止不合格出口商品的生产和出厂。
(三)在重要出口商品生产企业,试行国家商检部门派驻质量监督员制度(简称驻厂员制度)。驻厂员代表国家对生产企业的出口商品质量和检验工作进行监督,有权对出口商品使用的原材料、零部件和成品进行检验、抽查或复验。驻厂员如发现出口商品不合格,有权停止出口商品出
厂,并可通知外贸经营单位不予收购。
(四)所有出口商品生产企业,都要推行全面质量管理,健全质量责任制,加强检验工作,制订严格的工艺规程和劳动纪律。尽快建立和完善出口商品生产企业的质量保证体系。
三、加强出口商品质量的监督和检验
(一)一切出口商品都必须经过检验。不合格的商品(包括包装不合格)不准出厂,外贸经营单位不得收购,商检部门不予出证放行。
(二)逐步充实商检部门的力量,完善出口商品检验手段。
(三)商检部门要会同有关主管部门加快对重要出口商品发放出口商品质量许可证的工作。凡是实行出口商品质量许可证的商品,未取得出口商品质量许可证的,经贸主管部门不能签发出口许可证。
(四)经贸主管部门要加强对外贸经营单位的监督、检查,督促外贸经营单位加强质量管理工作,健全验收制度,增强验收力量,切实做到择优安排出口生产,择优收购商品,坚持质量第一、以质取胜的经营方针。凡不具备外贸经营条件的单位,经贸主管部门有权取消其外贸经营资格
,并通知工商行政管理部门吊销其营业执照。严禁违反国家规定,通过非正常渠道或采取不正当手段出口商品。
四、要把提高出口商品质量,作为企业技术进步工作的重点
各地区、各部门要根据外贸出口的战略需要,以提高产品质量、增加创汇为重点,调整技术进步的投资结构和方向,将出口商品的重点生产企业、专业厂与生产基地的技术改造、科技攻关、技术引进、测试检验、扩大生产、降低消耗等各方面的措施衔接起来。大力改善出口商品仓储条
件,减少商品的污染和损坏。
五、明确出口商品的质量责任
为了保证出口商品的质量,各有关单位和部门都要有明确的责任和制度。出口商品因质量问题造成经济损失或产生不良影响时,必须分清生产加工企业、外贸经营单位、仓储运输单位、商检部门和其他有关部门的责任。凡属渎职、失职造成的质量事故,要追究责任者和有关领导者的责
任,并严肃处理。
六、进一步改善出口商品的包装
中国包装进出口总公司要会同中国包装总公司,进一步研究制订改进出口商品包装的方案、计划和措施。当前要解决好出口食品、饮料、烟叶、罐头、五金、机械、陶瓷、纺织品、服装、棉花和危险品的包装,协调落实包装生产厂点和原材料供应,健全包装质量标准,加强质量管理、
检验和监督工作。
七、加强出口商品的标准化工作,改善口岸的计量条件
(一)标准、商检和经贸部门要会同各主管部门,加快制定和修订出口商品标准及出口检验标准。
(二)运输主管部门要会同商检和计量部门共同研究提出改进口岸计量条件的方案,纳入运输主管部门和有关地区技术改造规划,三年内基本改善口岸计量条件。
八、加强出口商品商标和出口专利产品的管理
(一)对名牌出口商品商标的使用,经贸和工商行政管理部门要共同进行一次清理整顿,加强管理,保护名牌出口商品。
(二)未经上级主管机关批准或专利权人同意,生产企业和外贸经营单位不得生产和经营出口专利产品。
(三)对国内外假冒我国出口商品商标、仿制我出口专利产品和伪造我商检证书的侵权、违法行为,要坚决查处、及时起诉,维护企业和我国的合法权益。
上述意见,如无不妥,请批转各地区、各部门贯彻执行。(附英文)

CIRCULAR OF THE GENERAL OFFICE OF THE STATE COUNCIL ON THE TRAN-SMISSION OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS SUBMITTED BY THE STATE ECONOMIC COM-MISSION, THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND TRADE, AND THESTATE BUREAU OF IMPORT AND
EXPORT COMMODITIES INSPECTION CONCERNING THESTRENGTHENIN

Important Notice: (注意事项)

英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)

CIRCULAR OF THE GENERAL OFFICE OF THE STATE COUNCIL ON THE TRAN-
SMISSION OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS SUBMITTED BY THE STATE ECONOMIC COM-
MISSION, THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND TRADE, AND THE
STATE BUREAU OF IMPORT AND EXPORT COMMODITIES INSPECTION CONCERNING THE
STRENGTHENING OF QUALITY CONTROL OF EXPORT COMMODITIES
(April 29, 1987)
The State Council has accepted The Recommendations Concerning the
Strengthening of Quality Control of Export Commodities, submitted by the
State Economic Commission, the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and
Trade, and the State Bureau of Import and Export Commodities Inspection.
The Recommendations are hereby transmitted to you, and you are requested
to implement them conscientiously in light of the actual conditions in
your spheres of activities.
The strengthening of quality control of export commodities is the key to
increasing economic returns as well as foreign exchange earnings. In
recent years, the quality of some of our country's export commodities has
shown a decline, which has not only caused economic losses and affected
foreign exchange earnings by exports, but also marred the reputation of
our country. All the localities and departments concerned shall give the
amplest attention to this state of affairs, take effective measures to
remedy it quickly so as to upgrade the quality of our export commodities.
RECOMMENDATIONS SUBMITTED BY THE STATE ECONOMIC COMMISSION, THE MINISTRY
OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND TRADE, AND THE STATE BUREAU OF IMPORT
AND EXPORT COMMODITIES INSPECTION CONCERNING THE STRENGTHENING OF QUALITY
CONTROL OF EXPORT COMMODITIES
(Extracts)
In recent years, the quality of some of our country's export commodities
has shown a decline, which has not only caused economic losses and had an
unfavourable impact on the foreign exchange earnings by exports, but also
marred the reputation of our country. In order to rapidly remedy this
situation and to strengthen quality control of our export commodities, we
hereby submit, on the basis of the investigations and studies of the
aforesaid situation and the opinions solicited from all localities and
departments concerned, the following recommendations:

I. Checking up and Rectifying Factories to be Designated as Export
Commodities Manufacturers
All the localities and departments concerned must carry out an all-round
checking-up on, and rectification of, all the enterprises that are
manufacturing export commodities and then designate from among them the
most outstanding ones as manufacturers of commodities for export. Those
enterprises found to be lacking the conditions for guaranteeing the
quality of their products shall not be permitted to manufacture
commodities for export. The State Economic Commission, the Ministry of
Foreign Economic Relations and Trade, and the State Bureau of Import and
Export Commodities Inspection shall jointly be responsible for the
checking-up and rectification in conjunction with other competent organs
concerned. The checking-up and rectification shall be focused on those
industries whose quality control over export commodities is comparatively
poor, whose number of factories designated for producing and processing
export commodities is too large, and whose quality problems are numerous.

II. Strengthening the Quality Control and Inspection Work in Enterprises
Producing Export Commodities
(1) In production enterprises, the factory director (the manager) shall
take overall responsibility for quality of export commodities.
(2) In factories specially engaged in the production of export
commodities, the production bases of export commodities, and the
enterprises producing import and export commodities, the post of chief
quality controller may be set up. The chief quality controller shall
assist the factory director in taking the overall responsibility for
inspecting and controlling the quality of products, for implementing the
Regulations on the Responsibility for Quality Control of Industrial
Products, for organizing the formulation and implementation of the rules
for reward and penalty relating to the quality of products, and for making
the decision, on behalf of the factory director, to stop the production
and delivery out of the factory of sub-standard export commodities.
(3) In enterprises producing important export commodities, the system of
having a resident quality supervisor stationed in the enterprise and sent
by the State commodities inspection department (referred to, for short, as
"the resident supervisor system") shall be implemented on a trial basis.
The resident supervisor shall, in the name of the State, exercise
supervision over the quality and inspection of the production enterprise's
export commodities, and have the right to inspect, to spot check, or to
re-inspect the finished products, or the raw and processed materials, or
spare parts and components, used in manufacturing export commodities. In
case where the resident supervisor discovers that the export commodities
are not up to the standard, he/she has the right to stop the delivery out
of the factory of the export commodities, and may ask the foreign trade
corporations not to purchase the said export commodities. The production
enterprise shall provide the resident supervisor with working conditions,
the data of quality, and relevant technical documents for carrying out
quality inspection; and it shall also inspect, spot check, or re-inspect
its products, as required by the resident supervisor. The resident
supervisors shall be personnel of the State commodities inspection
departments, and their salaries, bonuses and welfare benefits shall all be
borne by the sending department so that no direct economic connections
shall exist between the resident supervisors and the production
enterprise.
(4) All the production enterprises manufacturing export commodities shall
implement an all-round quality control, strengthen and perfect the quality
responsibility system, strengthen inspection work, and work out strict
technological processes and labour discipline. The factory director shall
appoint a person who has technical know-how, experience and strong sense
of responsibility, as head of the inspection department, and this
appointment shall be reported to the authorities in charge of the
enterprise for the record. No department or individual within the
enterprise shall be permitted to interfere with the work conducted by the
inspection department, and its independence in performing its functions
shall be guaranteed. It is imperative to establish and perfect, as soon as
possible, the quality guarantee system in enterprises producing export
commodities.

III. Strengthening the Supervision and Inspection of the Quality of Export
Commodities
All export commodities must undergo the process of inspection. Commodities
that are not up to the standard (including those whose packaging is not up
to the standard) shall not be permitted to leave the factory; the foreign
trade corporations shall not be permitted to purchase such commodities;
and the commodities inspection department shall not issue export licence
and grant clearance.
The working contingent of the commodities inspection department shall be
reinforced gradually, and the means of inspection of export commodities be
perfected. The commodities inspection department shall, in conjunction
with the competent authorities concerned, speed up the work for issuing
quality licenses for important export commodities. With respect to those
commodities to which the system of quality licence for export commodities
applies, the competent authorities for foreign economic relations and
trade shall not issue for them export licences before they have obtained
quality licenses for export commodities.
The competent authorities for foreign economic relations and trade shall
strengthen their supervision over and inspection of foreign trade
corporations, and urge them to strengthen the work of quality control, to
improve examination-and-acceptance system, and reinforce the working
personnel for the system, to strive to do a good job in selecting
outstanding factories to manufacture commodities for export, to purchase
commodities from the factories that produce quality products, and to
adhere to the principle of "placing quality first, and winning over the
customers by offering them quality products". The competent authorities
for foreign economic relations and trade shall have the right to
disqualify those units which do not have the qualifications for doing
foreign trade business, and ask the administrative department for industry
and commerce to revoke their business licences. The exportation of
commodities through irregular channels or by using crooked means by
violation of the State provisions shall be strictly prohibited.
IV. Taking the Improvement of the Quality of Export Commodities as the
Focus of the Work of Technical Advancement
All the localities and departments shall, in accordance with the
requirements of the strategy of export and foreign trade, make adjustment
in the structure and the orientation of investment for technical
advancement, and link up the various measures adopted for technical
transformation, the tackling of difficult problems (in science and
technology), the importation of technology, testing and inspection, the
expansion of production, and the reduction in consumption of raw materials
and energy, at the key production enterprises, specialized factories, and
production bases for the manufacture of export commodities by taking the
improvement of the quality of products and the increases in foreign
exchange earnings as the focal point. Strenuous efforts shall be devoted
to the improvement of the warehousing and storage conditions for export
commodities, so as to reduce or eliminate the contamination of or damages
to export commodities.

V. Clearly Defining the Responsibility for the Quality of Export
Commodities
In order to guarantee the quality of export commodities, all units and
departments concerned must have both a clear-out definition of the job
responsibility and rules. If the poor quality of some export commodities
has resulted in economic losses or made a negative reflection on China's
reputation, it is imperative to check up on the responsibilities to be
borne by the production and processing enterprises, the foreign trade
corporations, the warehousing and storage units, the department for
commodities inspection, or other departments concerned. Cases of quality
problem caused by dereliction or neglect of one's duty shall be looked
into, and the person in charge as well as the leading personnel involved
shall be held responsible and be dealt with in all seriousness.
VI. Further Improving the Packing of Export Commodities
The China National Packing Import and Export Company shall, in cooperation
with the China National Packing Corporation, conduct further studies on,
and work out programs and measures for the improvement of the packing of
export commodities. Each year, efforts must be made to improve the packing
of certain categories of export commodities. At present, it is imperative
to improve the packing of foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco leaves, canned
foods, hardware, machinery, ceramics, textiles, garments, cotton, and
dangerous articles. The two companies shall coordinate the supply-and-
demand relationship between packing factories and packing material
suppliers, perfect the packing standards, and strengthen the work of
quality control, inspection and supervision.
VII. Strengthening the Standardization of Export Commodities, and
Improving the Conditions for Conducting Measurement at Ports
(1) The authorities of standardization of commodities inspection, and of
foreign economic relations and trade shall, in cooperation with various
competent organs, speed up the formulation and revision of the standards
for export commodities and inspection criteria.
(2) The competent authorities of transportation shall, in cooperation with
the authorities of commodities inspection and metrological authorities,
submit a plan to improve metrological conditions at ports and incorporate
it into the program for technological transformation of the competent
authorities of transportation and the interested localities so as to
improve basically the metrological conditions at ports within 3 years.

VIII. Strengthening the Administration of Trademarks of Export Commodities
and Patented Products
With respect to the use of trademarks for export commodities of famous
brands, the authorities of foreign economic relations and trade and the
administrative departments for industry and commerce shall jointly conduct
a checking-up and rectification campaign to strengthen the administration
and protect export commodities of famous brands. Without the approval of
the competent authorities at a higher level or without the consent of the
patentee, no production enterprises and foreign trade corporations may
produce patented products for export and engage in export of such
products. Cases occurring either at home or abroad of infringements or
illegal acts such as counterfeiting the trademarks of our export
commodities, imitating the patented commodities we export or forging our
export commodities inspection certificates shall be resolutely
investigated and dealt with, and the offenders shall even be prosecuted in
time so as to safeguard the lawful rights and interests of the enterprises
as well as of the State.
If no inappropriateness is found in the recommendations submitted above,
we request that they be approved and transmitted to all the localities and
departments for implementation.



1987年4月29日
  取保候审是《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》规定的一种刑事强制措施。是指在刑事诉讼中公安机关、人民检察院和人民法院等司法机关对未被逮捕或逮捕后需要变更强制措施的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人,为防止其逃避侦查、起诉和审判,责令其提出保证人或者交纳保证金,并出具保证书,保证随传随到,对其不予羁押或暂时解除其羁押的一种强制措施。由公安机关执行。客观地说,犯罪嫌疑人被羁押后,最应当考虑和最值得花费时间和精力的行为即为代为取保候审。取保候审既可以不羁押犯罪嫌疑人、被告人,使其照顾家庭或者从事原来的工作和劳动,为社会做一些有益的事情,又可以使他们感到国家和社会对他们的关怀,还可以减少国家用于在押人犯的生活、管理费用等项开支,从而减轻羁押场所的工作压力。

而取保候审保证人,是指在刑事诉讼过程中,由符合取保候审条件的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人提出,经公安机关、人民检察院和人民法院审查符合保证条件,并出具保证书为犯罪嫌疑人、被告人担保的人。它是取保候审的方式之一,也就是“人保”,其作用就是保证被保证人在取保候审期间不逃避和妨碍侦查、起诉和审判,并随传随到。

新刑事诉讼法第68条规定, 保证人在刑事案件中应当履行以下义务:1、监督被保证人遵守本法第69条的规定; 2、发现被保证人可能发生或者已经发生违反本法第69条规定的行为的,应当及时向执行机关报告;3、被保证人有违反第69条规定的行为,保证人未履行保证义务的,对保证人处以罚款,构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。依据上述规定,取保候审保证人在刑事诉讼中的性质就是以保证人的人格、名誉和信誉作保,是纯粹的人格担保;其不履行报告义务的,承担的责任是罚款和刑事责任。但司法实践中却常常出现被保证人违反刑诉法第69条的规定,随传不随到、甚至多次传唤也不到庭的现象;造成这种局面主要有以下3个方面的原因:

1、立法上的缺陷:对于被取保人、保证人违反取保候审规定的,惩处制度不严格。根据我国有关司法解释,被取保人在取保期间故意重新犯罪或者有违反刑诉法第69条规定的行为,仅规定没收保证金、上缴国库,缺少限制性较大、操作性较强的惩处措施。也就是说,对于弃保行为,最多是没收保证金或者采取强制措施,并没有实体上的法律责任。虽然刑诉法规定了保证人和被取保候审人的义务,但对执行机关如何监督保证人履行义务却没有相关的规定。由于上述原因,司法实践中取保候审的效果不好,弃保潜逃数量较多。

2、在确立取保候审保证人时,对其资格和担保能力审查不力。犯罪嫌疑人、被告人在提供担保人时,往往将与其有一定亲属关系或朋友关系的人作为担保人提出,审查机关一般都偏重于二者之间亲情而忽略了担保人的担保能力和对被担保人的影响力,致使部分保证人缺少相应的资格和能力。担保人的法制观念淡薄,对担保的性质认识不足。现实生活中,确实有相当一部分人缺乏应有的法律意识,误认为担保只不过是走过场图形式,对其本人及被保证人没有什么约束力。

  笔者认为,应加大对脱保人员的惩罚力度:目前我国对脱保行为的制裁措施不足以使其严格守法。我国立法可考虑规定,被取保候审人违反应当遵守的法定义务,单独构成犯罪。如刑法可规定潜逃罪或逃保罪、藐视法庭罪,与原来的罪实行数罪并罚。只有这样才会使遵守取保候审制度具有法律意义。如果脱保者被抓获时,还是只就原被指控犯罪承担法律责任,而几乎不额外承担任何有威慑性的法律后果,那么有关取保候审制度就很难发挥约束力。那么要使取保候审保证人制度落到实处,除严格对其资格和担保能力审查,提高公民的法制观念、增强法律意识之外,还应当进一步完善取保候审保证人的保证责任。我国立法可考虑规定,取保候审保证人违反应当遵守的法定义务,单独构成犯罪。如刑法可规定帮助逃保罪、拒不履行担保责任罪等,达到法律的统一与完善。只有将被取保候审人和取保候审保证人的责任制度完善,才能使取保候审强制措施的作用真正落到实处。


(作者单位:广西平乐法院)